## Keyboard shortcuts

Press `←` or `→` to navigate between chapters

Press `S` or `/` to search in the book

Press `?` to show this help

Press `Esc` to hide this help

# Visibility

By default, the items in a module have private visibility, but this can be overridden with the `pub` modifier. Only the public items of a module can be accessed from outside the module scope.

    // A module named `my_mod`
    mod my_mod {
        // Items in modules default to private visibility.
        fn private_function() {
            println!("called `my_mod::private_function()`");
        }

        // Use the `pub` modifier to override default visibility.
        pub fn function() {
            println!("called `my_mod::function()`");
        }

        // Items can access other items in the same module,
        // even when private.
        pub fn indirect_access() {
            print!("called `my_mod::indirect_access()`, that\n> ");
            private_function();
        }

        // Modules can also be nested
        pub mod nested {
            pub fn function() {
                println!("called `my_mod::nested::function()`");
            }

            #[allow(dead_code)]
            fn private_function() {
                println!("called `my_mod::nested::private_function()`");
            }

            // Functions declared using `pub(in path)` syntax are only visible
            // within the given path. `path` must be a parent or ancestor module
            pub(in crate::my_mod) fn public_function_in_my_mod() {
                print!("called `my_mod::nested::public_function_in_my_mod()`, that\n> ");
                public_function_in_nested();
            }

            // Functions declared using `pub(self)` syntax are only visible within
            // the current module, which is the same as leaving them private
            pub(self) fn public_function_in_nested() {
                println!("called `my_mod::nested::public_function_in_nested()`");
            }

            // Functions declared using `pub(super)` syntax are only visible within
            // the parent module
            pub(super) fn public_function_in_super_mod() {
                println!("called `my_mod::nested::public_function_in_super_mod()`");
            }
        }

        pub fn call_public_function_in_my_mod() {
            print!("called `my_mod::call_public_function_in_my_mod()`, that\n> ");
            nested::public_function_in_my_mod();
            print!("> ");
            nested::public_function_in_super_mod();
        }

        // pub(crate) makes functions visible only within the current crate
        pub(crate) fn public_function_in_crate() {
            println!("called `my_mod::public_function_in_crate()`");
        }

        // Nested modules follow the same rules for visibility
        mod private_nested {
            #[allow(dead_code)]
            pub fn function() {
                println!("called `my_mod::private_nested::function()`");
            }

            // Private parent items will still restrict the visibility of a child item,
            // even if it is declared as visible within a bigger scope.
            #[allow(dead_code)]
            pub(crate) fn restricted_function() {
                println!("called `my_mod::private_nested::restricted_function()`");
            }
        }
    }

    fn function() {
        println!("called `function()`");
    }

    fn main() {
        // Modules allow disambiguation between items that have the same name.
        function();
        my_mod::function();

        // Public items, including those inside nested modules, can be
        // accessed from outside the parent module.
        my_mod::indirect_access();
        my_mod::nested::function();
        my_mod::call_public_function_in_my_mod();

        // pub(crate) items can be called from anywhere in the same crate
        my_mod::public_function_in_crate();

        // pub(in path) items can only be called from within the module specified
        // Error! function `public_function_in_my_mod` is private
        //my_mod::nested::public_function_in_my_mod();
        // TODO ^ Try uncommenting this line

        // Private items of a module cannot be directly accessed, even if
        // nested in a public module:

        // Error! `private_function` is private
        //my_mod::private_function();
        // TODO ^ Try uncommenting this line

        // Error! `private_function` is private
        //my_mod::nested::private_function();
        // TODO ^ Try uncommenting this line

        // Error! `private_nested` is a private module
        //my_mod::private_nested::function();
        // TODO ^ Try uncommenting this line

        // Error! `private_nested` is a private module
        //my_mod::private_nested::restricted_function();
        // TODO ^ Try uncommenting this line
    }