ll axes if `s` is also not specified. norm : {"backward", "ortho", "forward"}, optional Normalization mode (see `fft`). Default is "backward". overwrite_x : bool, optional If True, the contents of `x` can be destroyed; the default is False. See :func:`fft` for more details. workers : int, optional Maximum number of workers to use for parallel computation. If negative, the value wraps around from ``os.cpu_count()``. See :func:`~scipy.fft.fft` for more details. plan : object, optional This argument is reserved for passing in a precomputed plan provided by downstream FFT vendors. It is currently not used in SciPy. .. versionadded:: 1.5.0 Returns ------- out : complex ndarray The truncated or zero-padded input, transformed along the axes indicated by `axes`, or by a combination of `s` or `x`, as explained in the parameters section above. Raises ------ ValueError If `s` and `axes` have different length. IndexError If an element of `axes` is larger than the number of axes of `x`. See Also -------- fftn : The forward N-D FFT, of which `ifftn` is the inverse. ifft : The 1-D inverse FFT. ifft2 : The 2-D inverse FFT. ifftshift : Undoes `fftshift`, shifts zero-frequency terms to beginning of array. Notes ----- Zero-padding, analogously with `ifft`, is performed by appending zeros to the input along the specified dimension. Although this is the common approach, it might lead to surprising results. If another form of zero padding is desired, it must be performed before `ifftn` is called. Examples -------- >>> import scipy.fft >>> import numpy as np >>> x = np.eye(4) >>> scipy.fft.ifftn(scipy.fft.fftn(x, axes=(0,)), axes=(1,)) array([[1.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j], # may vary [0.+0.j, 1.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j], [0.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 1.+0.j, 0.+0.j], [0.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 1.+0.j]]) Create and plot an image with band-limited frequency content: >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> rng = np.random.default_rng() >>> n = np.zeros((200,200), dtype=complex) >>> n[60:80, 20:40] = np.exp(1j*rng.uniform(0, 2*np.pi, (20, 20))) >>> im = scipy.fft.ifftn(n).real >>> plt.imshow(im) >>> plt.show() r