of the IIR filter.
    Only returned if ``output='sos'``.

Notes
-----
Also known as a Thomson filter, the analog Bessel filter has maximally
flat group delay and maximally linear phase response, with very little
ringing in the step response. [1]_

The Bessel is inherently an analog filter. This function generates digital
Bessel filters using the bilinear transform, which does not preserve the
phase response of the analog filter. As such, it is only approximately
correct at frequencies below about fs/4. To get maximally-flat group
delay at higher frequencies, the analog Bessel filter must be transformed
using phase-preserving techniques.

See `besselap` for implementation details and references.

The ``'sos'`` output parameter was added in 0.16.0.

References
----------
.. [1] Thomson, W.E., "Delay Networks having Maximally Flat Frequency
       Characteristics", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical
       Engineers, Part III, November 1949, Vol. 96, No. 44, pp. 487-490.

Examples
--------
Plot the phase-normalized frequency response, showing the relationship
to the Butterworth's cutoff frequency (green):

>>> from scipy import signal
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> import numpy as np

>>> b, a = signal.butter(4, 100, 'low', analog=True)
>>> w, h = signal.freqs(b, a)
>>> plt.semilogx(w, 20 * np.log10(np.abs(h)), color='silver', ls='dashed')
>>> b, a = signal.bessel(4, 100, 'low', analog=True, norm='phase')
>>> w, h = signal.freqs(b, a)
>>> plt.semilogx(w, 20 * np.log10(np.abs(h)))
>>> plt.title('Bessel filter magnitude response (with Butterworth)')
>>> plt.xlabel('Frequency [rad/s]')
>>> plt.ylabel('Amplitude [dB]')
>>> plt.margins(0, 0.1)
>>> plt.grid(which='both', axis='both')
>>> plt.axvline(100, color='green')  # cutoff frequency
>>> plt.show()

and the phase midpoint:

>>> plt.figure()
>>> plt.semilogx(w, np.unwrap(np.angle(h)))
>>> plt.axvline(100, color='green')  # cutoff frequency
>>> plt.axhline(-np.pi, color='red')  # phase midpoint
>>> plt.title('Bessel filter phase response')
>>> plt.xlabel('Frequency [rad/s]')
>>> plt.ylabel('Phase [rad]')
>>> plt.margins(0, 0.1)
>>> plt.grid(which='both', axis='both')
>>> plt.show()

Plot the magnitude-normalized frequency response, showing the -3 dB cutoff:

>>> b, a = signal.bessel(3, 10, 'low', analog=True, norm='mag')
>>> w, h = signal.freqs(b, a)
>>> plt.semilogx(w, 20 * np.log10(np.abs(h)))
>>> plt.axhline(-3, color='red')  # -3 dB magnitude
>>> plt.axvline(10, color='green')  # cutoff frequency
>>> plt.title('Amplitude-normalized Bessel filter frequency response')
>>> plt.xlabel('Frequency [rad/s]')
>>> plt.ylabel('Amplitude [dB]')
>>> plt.margins(0, 0.1)
>>> plt.grid(which='both', axis='both')
>>> plt.show()

Plot the delay-normalized filter, showing the maximally-flat group delay
at 0.1 seconds:

>>> b, a = signal.bessel(5, 1/0.1, 'low', analog=True, norm='delay')
>>> w, h = signal.freqs(b, a)
>>> plt.figure()
>>> plt.semilogx(w[1:], -np.diff(np.unwrap(np.angle(h)))/np.diff(w))
>>> plt.axhline(0.1, color='red')  # 0.1 seconds group delay
>>> plt.title('Bessel filter group delay')
>>> plt.xlabel('Frequency [rad/s]')
>>> plt.ylabel('Group delay [s]')
>>> plt.margins(0, 0.1)
>>> plt.grid(which='both', axis='both')
>>> plt.show()

Ú