r ndarray The quantile corresponding to `p`. See Also -------- fdtr : F distribution cumulative distribution function fdtrc : F distribution survival function scipy.stats.f : F distribution Notes ----- The computation is carried out using the relation to the inverse regularized beta function, :math:`I^{-1}_x(a, b)`. Let :math:`z = I^{-1}_p(d_d/2, d_n/2).` Then, .. math:: x = \frac{d_d (1 - z)}{d_n z}. If `p` is such that :math:`x < 0.5`, the following relation is used instead for improved stability: let :math:`z' = I^{-1}_{1 - p}(d_n/2, d_d/2).` Then, .. math:: x = \frac{d_d z'}{d_n (1 - z')}. Wrapper for the Cephes [1]_ routine `fdtri`. The F distribution is also available as `scipy.stats.f`. Calling `fdtri` directly can improve performance compared to the ``ppf`` method of `scipy.stats.f` (see last example below). References ---------- .. [1] Cephes Mathematical Functions Library, http://www.netlib.org/cephes/ Examples -------- `fdtri` represents the inverse of the F distribution CDF which is available as `fdtr`. Here, we calculate the CDF for ``df1=1``, ``df2=2`` at ``x=3``. `fdtri` then returns ``3`` given the same values for `df1`, `df2` and the computed CDF value. >>> import numpy as np >>> from scipy.special import fdtri, fdtr >>> df1, df2 = 1, 2 >>> x = 3 >>> cdf_value = fdtr(df1, df2, x) >>> fdtri(df1, df2, cdf_value) 3.000000000000006 Calculate the function at several points by providing a NumPy array for `x`. >>> x = np.array([0.1, 0.4, 0.7]) >>> fdtri(1, 2, x) array([0.02020202, 0.38095238, 1.92156863]) Plot the function for several parameter sets. >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> dfn_parameters = [50, 10, 1, 50] >>> dfd_parameters = [0.5, 1, 1, 5] >>> linestyles = ['solid', 'dashed', 'dotted', 'dashdot'] >>> parameters_list = list(zip(dfn_parameters, dfd_parameters, ... linestyles)) >>> x = np.linspace(0, 1, 1000) >>> fig, ax = plt.subplots() >>> for parameter_set in parameters_list: ... dfn, dfd, style = parameter_set ... fdtri_vals = fdtri(dfn, dfd, x) ... ax.plot(x, fdtri_vals, label=rf"$d_n={dfn},\, d_d={dfd}$", ... ls=style) >>> ax.legend() >>> ax.set_xlabel("$x$") >>> title = "F distribution inverse cumulative distribution function" >>> ax.set_title(title) >>> ax.set_ylim(0, 30) >>> plt.show() The F distribution is also available as `scipy.stats.f`. Using `fdtri` directly can be much faster than calling the ``ppf`` method of `scipy.stats.f`, especially for small arrays or individual values. To get the same results one must use the following parametrization: ``stats.f(dfn, dfd).ppf(x)=fdtri(dfn, dfd, x)``. >>> from scipy.stats import f >>> dfn, dfd = 1, 2 >>> x = 0.7 >>> fdtri_res = fdtri(dfn, dfd, x) # this will often be faster than below >>> f_dist_res = f(dfn, dfd).ppf(x) >>> f_dist_res == fdtri_res # test that results are equal True Úfdtridfdaz