RATIO
            and self.zeros_at_mod[2] / approx_chars > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
            and self.zeros_at_mod[3] / approx_chars > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
            and not self.invalid_utf32le
        )

    def is_likely_utf16be(self) -> bool:
        approx_chars = self.approx_16bit_chars()
        return approx_chars >= self.MIN_CHARS_FOR_DETECTION and (
            (self.nonzeros_at_mod[1] + self.nonzeros_at_mod[3]) / approx_chars
            > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
            and (self.zeros_at_mod[0] + self.zeros_at_mod[2]) / approx_chars
            > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
            and not self.invalid_utf16be
        )

    def is_likely_utf16le(self) -> bool:
        approx_chars = self.approx_16bit_chars()
        return approx_chars >= self.MIN_CHARS_FOR_DETECTION and (
            (self.nonzeros_at_mod[0] + self.nonzeros_at_mod[2]) / approx_chars
            > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
            and (self.zeros_at_mod[1] + self.zeros_at_mod[3]) / approx_chars
            > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
            and not self.invalid_utf16le
        )

    def validate_utf32_characters(self, quad: List[int]) -> None:
        """
        Validate if the quad of bytes is valid UTF-32.

        UTF-32 is valid in the range 0x00000000 - 0x0010FFFF
        excluding 0x0000D800 - 0x0000DFFF

        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32
        """
        if (
            quad[0] != 0
            or quad[1] > 0x10
            or (quad[0] == 0 and quad[1] == 0 and 0xD8 <= quad[2] <= 0xDF)
        ):
            self.invalid_utf32be = True
        if (
            quad[3] != 0
            or quad[2] > 0x10
            or (quad[3] == 0 and quad[2] == 0 and 0xD8 <= quad[1] <= 0xDF)
        ):
            self.invalid_utf32le = True

    def validate_utf16_characters(self, pair: List[int]) -> None:
        """
        Validate if the pair of bytes is  valid UTF-16.

        UTF-16 is valid in the range 0x0000 - 0xFFFF excluding 0xD800 - 0xFFFF
        with an exception for surrogate pairs, which must be in the range
        0xD800-0xDBFF followed by 0xDC00-0xDFFF

        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16
        """
        if not self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16be:
            if 0xD8 <= pair[0] <= 0xDB:
                self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16be = True
            elif 0xDC <= pair[0] <= 0xDF:
                self.invalid_utf16be = True
        else:
            if 0xDC <= pair[0] <= 0xDF:
                self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16be = False
            else:
                self.invalid_utf16be = True

        if not self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16le:
            if 0xD8 <= pair[1] <= 0xDB:
                self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16le = True
            elif 0xDC <= pair[1] <= 0xDF:
                self.invalid_utf16le = True
        else:
            if 0xDC <= pair[1] <= 0xDF:
                self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16le = False
            else:
                self.invalid_utf16le = True

    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
        for c in byte_str:
            mod4 = self.position % 4
            self.quad[mod4] = c
            if mod4 == 3:
                self.validate_utf32_characters(self.quad)
                self.validate_utf16_characters(self.quad[0:2])
                self.validate_utf16_characters(self.quad[2:4])
            if c == 0:
                self.zeros_at_mod[mod4] += 1
            else:
                self.nonzeros_at_mod[mod4] += 1
            self.position += 1
        return self.state

    @property
    def state(self) -> ProbingState:
        if self._state in {ProbingState.NOT_ME, ProbingState.FOUND_IT}:
            # terminal, decided states
            return self._state
        if self.get_confidence() > 0.80:
            self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
        elif self.position > 4 * 1024:
            # if we get to 4kb into the file, and we can't conclude it's UTF,
            # let's give up
            self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
        return self._state

    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
        return (
            0.85
            if (
                self.is_likely_utf16le()
                or self.is_likely_utf16be()
                or self.is_likely_utf32le()
                or self.is_likely_utf32be()
            )
            else 0.00
        )
