) - time[0];
    const nsec = hrValues[2] - time[1];
    const needsBorrow = nsec < 0;
    return [needsBorrow ? sec - 1 : sec, needsBorrow ? nsec + 1e9 : nsec];
  }

  return [
    hrValues[0] * 0x100000000 + hrValues[1],
    hrValues[2],
  ];
}

function hrtimeBigInt() {
  binding.hrtimeBigInt();
  return hrBigintValues[0];
}

function nop() {}

// The execution of this function itself should not cause any side effects.
function wrapProcessMethods(binding) {
  const {
    cpuUsage: _cpuUsage,
    threadCpuUsage: _threadCpuUsage,
    memoryUsage: _memoryUsage,
    rss,
    resourceUsage: _resourceUsage,
    loadEnvFile: _loadEnvFile,
  } = binding;

  function _rawDebug(...args) {
    binding._rawDebug(ReflectApply(format, null, args));
  }

  // Create the argument array that will be passed to the native function.
  const cpuValues = new Float64Array(2);

  // Replace the native function with the JS version that calls the native
  // function.
  function cpuUsage(prevValue) {
    // If a previous value was passed in, ensure it has the correct shape.
    if (prevValue) {
      if (!previousValueIsValid(prevValue.user)) {
        validateObject(prevValue, 'prevValue');

        validateNumber(prevValue.user, 'prevValue.user');
        throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE.RangeError('prevValue.user',
                                                   prevValue.user);
      }

      if (!previousValueIsValid(prevValue.system)) {
        validateNumber(prevValue.system, 'prevValue.system');
        throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE.RangeError('prevValue.system',
                                                   prevValue.system);
      }
    }

    // Call the native function to get the current values.
    _cpuUsage(cpuValues);

    // If a previous value was passed in, return diff of current from previous.
    if (prevValue) {
      return {
        user: cpuValues[0] - prevValue.user,
        system: cpuValues[1] - prevValue.system,
      };
    }

    // If no previous value passed in, return current value.
    return {
      user: cpuValues[0],
      system: cpuValues[1],
    };
  }

  const threadCpuValues = new Float64Array(2);

  // Replace the native function with the JS version that calls the native
  // function.
  function threadCpuUsage(prevValue) {
    // If a previous value was passed in, ensure it has the correct shape.
    if (prevValue) {
      if (!previousValueIsValid(prevValue.user)) {
        validateObject(prevValue, 'prevValue');

        validateNumber(prevValue.user, 'prevValue.user');
        throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE.RangeError('prevValue.user',
                                                   prevValue.user);
      }

      if (!previousValueIsValid(prevValue.system)) {
        validateNumber(prevValue.system, 'prevValue.system');
        throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE.RangeError('prevValue.system',
                                                   prevValue.system);
      }
    }

    if (process.platform === 'sunos') {
      throw new ERR_OPERATION_FAILED('threadCpuUsage is not available on SunOS');
    }

    // Call the native function to get the current values.
    _threadCpuUsage(threadCpuValues);

    // If a previous value was passed in, return diff of current from previous.
    if (prevValue) {
      return {
        user: threadCpuValues[0] - prevValue.user,
        system: threadCpuValues[1] - prevValue.system,
      };
    }

    // If no previous value passed in, return current value.
    return {
      user: threadCpuValues[0],
      system: threadCpuValues[1],
    };
  }

  // Ensure that a previously passed in value is valid. Currently, the native
  // implementation always returns numbers <= Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER.
  function previousValueIsValid(num) {
    return typeof num === 'number' &&
        num <= NumberMAX_SAFE_INTEGER &&
        num >= 0;
  }

  const memValues = new Float64Array(5);
  function memoryUsage() {
    _memoryUsage(memValues);
    return {
      rss: memValues[0],
      heapTotal: memValues[1],
      heapUsed: memValues[2],
      external: memValues[3],
      arrayBuffers: memValues[4],
    };
  }

  memoryUsage.rss = rss;

  function exit(code) {
    if (arguments.length !== 0) {
      process.exitCode = code;
    }

    if (!process._exiting) {
      process._exiting = true;
      process.emit('exit', process.exitCode || kNoFailure);
    }
    // FIXME(joyeecheung): This is an undocumented API that gets monkey-patched
    // in the user land. Either document it, or deprecate it in favor of a
    // better public alternative.
    process.reallyExit(process.exitCode || kNoFailure);

    // If this is a worker, v8::Isolate::TerminateExecution() is called above.
    // That function spoofs the stack pointer to cause the stack guard
    // check to throw the termination exception. Because v8 performs
    // stack guard check upon every function call, we give it a chance.
    //
    // Without this, user code after `process.exit()` would take effect.
    // test/parallel/test-worker-voluntarily-exit-followed-by-addition.js
    // test/parallel/test-worker-voluntarily-exit-followed-by-throw.js
    nop();
  }

  function kill(pid, sig) {
    let err;

    // eslint-disable-next-line eqeqeq
    if (pid != (pid | 0)) {
      throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE('pid', 'number', pid);
    }

    // Preserve null signal
    if (sig === (sig | 0)) {
      // XXX(joyeecheung): we have to use process._kill here because
      // it's monkey-patched by tests.
      err = process._kill(pid, sig);
    } else {
      sig ||= 'SIGTERM';
      if (constants[sig]) {
        err = process._kill(pid, constants[sig]);
      } else {
        throw new ERR_UNKNOWN_SIGNAL(sig);
      }
    }

    if (err)
      throw new ErrnoException(err, 'kill');

    return true;
  }

  const resourceValues = new Float64Array(16);
  function resourceUsage() {
    _resourceUsage(resourceValues);
    return {
      userCPUTime: resourceValues[0],
      systemCPUTime: resourceValues[1],
      maxRSS: resourceValues[2],
      sharedMemorySize: resourceValues[3],
      unsharedDataSize: resourceValues[4],
      unsharedStackSize: resourceValues[5],
      minorPageFault: resourceValues[6],
      majorPageFault: resourceValues[7],
      swappedOut: resourceValues[8],
      fsRead: resourceValues[9],
      fsWrite: resourceValues[10],
      ipcSent: resourceValues[11],
      ipcReceived: resourceValues[12],
      signalsCount: resourceValues[13],
      voluntaryContextSwitches: resourceValues[14],
      involuntaryContextSwitches: resourceValues[15],
    };
  }

  /**
   * Loads the `.env` file to process.env.
   * @param {string | URL | Buffer | undefined} path
   */
  function loadEnvFile(path = undefined) { // Provide optional value so that `loadEnvFile.length` returns 0
    if (path != null) {
      getValidatedPath ??= require('internal/fs/utils').getValidatedPath;
      path = getValidatedPath(path);
      _loadEnvFile(path);
    } else {
      _loadEnvFile();
    }
  }

  return {
    _rawDebug,
    cpuUsage,
    threadCpuUsage,
    resourceUsage,
    memoryUsage,
    kill,
    exit,
    loadEnvFile,
  };
}

const replaceUnderscoresRegex = /_/g;
const leadingDashesRegex = /^--?/;
const trailingValuesRegex = /=.*$/;

// This builds the initial process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags
// from data in the config binding.
function buildAllowedFlags() {
  const {
    envSettings: { kAllowedInEnvvar },
    types: { kBoolean },
  } = internalBinding('options');
  const { getCLIOptionsInfo } = require('internal/options');
  const { options, aliases } = getCLIOptionsInfo();

  const allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags = [];
  for (const { 0: name, 1: info } of options) {
    if (info.envVarSettings === kAllowedInEnvvar) {
      ArrayPrototypePush(allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags, name);
      if (info.type === kBoolean) {
        const negatedName = `--no-${name.slice(2)}`;
        ArrayPrototypePush(allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags, negatedName);
      }
    }
  }

  function isAccepted(to) {
    if (!to.length || to[0] !== '-' || to === '--') return true;
    const recursiveExpansion = aliases.get(to);
    if (recursiveExpansion) {
      if (recursiveExpansion[0] === to)
        ArrayPrototypeSplice(recursiveExpansion, 0, 1);
      return ArrayPrototypeEvery(recursiveExpansion, isAccepted);
    }
    return options.get(to).envVarSettings === kAllowedInEnvvar;
  }
  for (const { 0: from, 1: expansion } of aliases) {
    if (ArrayPrototypeEvery(expansion, isAccepted)) {
      let canonical = from;
      if (StringPrototypeEndsWith(canonical, '='))
        canonical = StringPrototypeSlice(canonical, 0, canonical.length - 1);
      if (StringPrototypeEndsWith(canonical, ' <arg>'))
        canonical = StringPrototypeSlice(canonical, 0, canonical.length - 4);
      ArrayPrototypePush(allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags, canonical);
    }
  }

  const trimLeadingDashes =
    (flag) => StringPrototypeReplace(flag, leadingDashesRegex, '');

  // Save these for comparison against flags provided to
  // process.allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags.has() which lack leading dashes.
  const nodeFlags = ArrayPrototypeMap(allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags,
                                      trimLeadingDashes);

  class NodeEnvironmentFlagsSet extends Set {
    constructor(array) {
      super();
      this[kInternal] = { array };
    }

    add() {
      // No-op, `Set` API compatible
      return this;
    }

    delete() {
      // No-op, `Set` API compatible
      return false;
    }

    clear() {
      // No-op, `Set` API compatible
    }

    has(key) {
      // This will return `true` based on various possible
      // permutations of a flag, including present/missing leading
      // dash(es) and/or underscores-for-dashes.
      // Strips any values after `=`, inclusive.
      // TODO(addaleax): It might be more flexible to run the option parser
      // on a dummy option set and see whether it rejects the argument or
      // not.
      if (typeof key === 'string') {
        key = StringPrototypeReplace(key, replaceUnderscoresRegex, '-');
        if (RegExpPrototypeExec(leadingDashesRegex, key) !== null) {
          key = StringPrototypeReplace(key, trailingValuesRegex, '');
          return ArrayPrototypeIncludes(this[kInternal].array, key);
        }
        return ArrayPrototypeIncludes(nodeFlags, key);
      }
      return false;
    }

    entries() {
      this[kInternal].set ??=
        new Set(new SafeArrayIterator(this[kInternal].array));
      return SetPrototypeEntries(this[kInternal].set);
    }

    forEach(callback, thisArg = undefined) {
      ArrayPrototypeForEach(
        this[kInternal].array,
        (v) => ReflectApply(callback, thisArg, [v, v, this]),
      );
    }

    get size() {
      return this[kInternal].array.length;
    }

    values() {
      this[kInternal].set ??=
        new Set(new SafeArrayIterator(this[kInternal].array));
      return SetPrototypeValues(this[kInternal].set);
    }
  }
  const flagSetValues = NodeEnvironmentFlagsSet.prototype.values;
  ObjectDefineProperty(NodeEnvironmentFlagsSet.prototype, SymbolIterator, {
    __proto__: null,
    value: flagSetValues,
  });
  ObjectDefineProperty(NodeEnvironmentFlagsSet.prototype, 'keys', {
    __proto__: null,
    value: flagSetValues,
  });

  ObjectFreeze(NodeEnvironmentFlagsSet.prototype.constructor);
  ObjectFreeze(NodeEnvironmentFlagsSet.prototype);

  return ObjectFreeze(new NodeEnvironmentFlagsSet(
    allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags,
  ));
}

// Lazy load internal/trace_events_async_hooks only if the async_hooks
// trace event category is enabled.
let traceEventsAsyncHook;
// Dynamically enable/disable the traceEventsAsyncHook
function toggleTraceCategoryState(asyncHooksEnabled) {
  if (asyncHooksEnabled) {
    traceEventsAsyncHook ||= require('internal/trace_events_async_hooks').createHook();
    traceEventsAsyncHook.enable();
  } else if (traceEventsAsyncHook) {
    traceEventsAsyncHook.disable();
  }
}

const { arch, platform, version } = process;

function ref(maybeRefable) {
  const fn = maybeRefable?.[SymbolFor('nodejs.ref')] || maybeRefable?.[SymbolFor('node:ref')] || maybeRefable?.ref;
  if (typeof fn === 'function') FunctionPrototypeCall(fn, maybeRefable);
}

function unref(maybeRefable) {
  const fn = maybeRefable?.[SymbolFor('nodejs.unref')] ||
             maybeRefable?.[SymbolFor('node:unref')] ||
             maybeRefable?.unref;
  if (typeof fn === 'function') FunctionPrototypeCall(fn, maybeRefable);
}

module.exports = {
  toggleTraceCategoryState,
  buildAllowedFlags,
  wrapProcessMethods,
  hrtime,
  hrtimeBigInt,
  arch,
  platform,
  version,
  ref,
  unref,
};
