Subject: [PATCH v3] usb: gadget: udc: fix use-after-free in usb_gadget_state_work

From: Jimmy Hu <[email-masked]>
Date: Thu, 23 Oct 2025 05:49:45 +0000

A race condition during gadget teardown can lead to a use-after-free
in usb_gadget_state_work(), as reported by KASAN:

  BUG: KASAN: invalid-access in sysfs_notify+0x2c/0xd0
  Workqueue: events usb_gadget_state_work

The fundamental race occurs because a concurrent event (e.g., an
interrupt) can call usb_gadget_set_state() and schedule gadget->work
at any time during the cleanup process in usb_del_gadget().

Commit 399a45e5237c ("usb: gadget: core: flush gadget workqueue after
device removal") attempted to fix this by moving flush_work() to after
device_del(). However, this does not fully solve the race, as a new
work item can still be scheduled *after* flush_work() completes but
before the gadget's memory is freed, leading to the same use-after-free.

This patch fixes the race condition robustly by introducing a 'teardown'
flag and a 'state_lock' spinlock to the usb_gadget struct. The flag is
set during cleanup in usb_del_gadget() *before* calling flush_work() to
prevent any new work from being scheduled once cleanup has commenced.
The scheduling site, usb_gadget_set_state(), now checks this flag under
the lock before queueing the work, thus safely closing the race window.

Fixes: 5702f75375aa9 ("usb: gadget: udc-core: move sysfs_notify() to a workqueue")
Cc: [email-masked]
Signed-off-by: Jimmy Hu <[email-masked]>
---
Changes in v3:
  - Updated patch title to more accurately describe the bug.
  - Moved changelog below the '---' line as requested by Greg KH.
  - Rebased on usb-linus branch as requested by Greg KH.

Changes in v2:
  - Removed redundant inline comments as suggested by Alan Stern.

 drivers/usb/gadget/udc/core.c | 17 ++++++++++++++++-
 include/linux/usb/gadget.h    |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/drivers/usb/gadget/udc/core.c b/drivers/usb/gadget/udc/core.c
index 694653761c44..8dbe79bdc0f9 100644
--- a/drivers/usb/gadget/udc/core.c
+++ b/drivers/usb/gadget/udc/core.c
@@ -1126,8 +1126,13 @@ static void usb_gadget_state_work(struct work_struct *work)
 void usb_gadget_set_state(struct usb_gadget *gadget,
 		enum usb_device_state state)
 {
+	unsigned long flags;
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&gadget->state_lock, flags);
 	gadget->state = state;
-	schedule_work(&gadget->work);
+	if (!gadget->teardown)
+		schedule_work(&gadget->work);
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&gadget->state_lock, flags);
 	trace_usb_gadget_set_state(gadget, 0);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_gadget_set_state);
@@ -1361,6 +1366,8 @@ static void usb_udc_nop_release(struct device *dev)
 void usb_initialize_gadget(struct device *parent, struct usb_gadget *gadget,
 		void (*release)(struct device *dev))
 {
+	spin_lock_init(&gadget->state_lock);
+	gadget->teardown = false;
 	INIT_WORK(&gadget->work, usb_gadget_state_work);
 	gadget->dev.parent = parent;
 
@@ -1535,6 +1542,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_add_gadget_udc);
 void usb_del_gadget(struct usb_gadget *gadget)
 {
 	struct usb_udc *udc = gadget->udc;
+	unsigned long flags;
 
 	if (!udc)
 		return;
@@ -1548,6 +1556,13 @@ void usb_del_gadget(struct usb_gadget *gadget)
 	kobject_uevent(&udc->dev.kobj, KOBJ_REMOVE);
 	sysfs_remove_link(&udc->dev.kobj, "gadget");
 	device_del(&gadget->dev);
+	/*
+	 * Set the teardown flag before flushing the work to prevent new work
+	 * from being scheduled while we are cleaning up.
+	 */
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&gadget->state_lock, flags);
+	gadget->teardown = true;
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&gadget->state_lock, flags);
 	flush_work(&gadget->work);
 	ida_free(&gadget_id_numbers, gadget->id_number);
 	cancel_work_sync(&udc->vbus_work);
diff --git a/include/linux/usb/gadget.h b/include/linux/usb/gadget.h
index 3aaf19e77558..8285b19a25e0 100644
--- a/include/linux/usb/gadget.h
+++ b/include/linux/usb/gadget.h
@@ -376,6 +376,9 @@ struct usb_gadget_ops {
  *	can handle. The UDC must support this and all slower speeds and lower
  *	number of lanes.
  * @state: the state we are now (attached, suspended, configured, etc)
+ * @state_lock: Spinlock protecting the `state` and `teardown` members.
+ * @teardown: True if the device is undergoing teardown, used to prevent
+ *	new work from being scheduled during cleanup.
  * @name: Identifies the controller hardware type.  Used in diagnostics
  *	and sometimes configuration.
  * @dev: Driver model state for this abstract device.
@@ -451,6 +454,8 @@ struct usb_gadget {
 	enum usb_ssp_rate		max_ssp_rate;
 
 	enum usb_device_state		state;
+	spinlock_t			state_lock;
+	bool				teardown;
 	const char			*name;
 	struct device			dev;
 	unsigned			isoch_delay;
-- 
2.51.1.814.gb8fa24458f-goog