a 2-D square array or matrix (depending on the input type) of the corresponding eigenvectors (in columns). Parameters ---------- a : (..., M, M) array Hermitian or real symmetric matrices whose eigenvalues and eigenvectors are to be computed. UPLO : {'L', 'U'}, optional Specifies whether the calculation is done with the lower triangular part of `a` ('L', default) or the upper triangular part ('U'). Irrespective of this value only the real parts of the diagonal will be considered in the computation to preserve the notion of a Hermitian matrix. It therefore follows that the imaginary part of the diagonal will always be treated as zero. Returns ------- A namedtuple with the following attributes: eigenvalues : (..., M) ndarray The eigenvalues in ascending order, each repeated according to its multiplicity. eigenvectors : {(..., M, M) ndarray, (..., M, M) matrix} The column ``eigenvectors[:, i]`` is the normalized eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue ``eigenvalues[i]``. Will return a matrix object if `a` is a matrix object. Raises ------ LinAlgError If the eigenvalue computation does not converge. See Also -------- eigvalsh : eigenvalues of real symmetric or complex Hermitian (conjugate symmetric) arrays. eig : eigenvalues and right eigenvectors for non-symmetric arrays. eigvals : eigenvalues of non-symmetric arrays. scipy.linalg.eigh : Similar function in SciPy (but also solves the generalized eigenvalue problem). Notes ----- .. versionadded:: 1.8.0 Broadcasting rules apply, see the `numpy.linalg` documentation for details. The eigenvalues/eigenvectors are computed using LAPACK routines ``_syevd``, ``_heevd``. The eigenvalues of real symmetric or complex Hermitian matrices are always real. [1]_ The array `eigenvalues` of (column) eigenvectors is unitary and `a`, `eigenvalues`, and `eigenvectors` satisfy the equations ``dot(a, eigenvectors[:, i]) = eigenvalues[i] * eigenvectors[:, i]``. References ---------- .. [1] G. Strang, *Linear Algebra and Its Applications*, 2nd Ed., Orlando, FL, Academic Press, Inc., 1980, pg. 222. Examples -------- >>> from numpy import linalg as LA >>> a = np.array([[1, -2j], [2j, 5]]) >>> a array([[ 1.+0.j, -0.-2.j], [ 0.+2.j, 5.+0.j]]) >>> eigenvalues, eigenvectors = LA.eigh(a) >>> eigenvalues array([0.17157288, 5.82842712]) >>> eigenvectors array([[-0.92387953+0.j , -0.38268343+0.j ], # may vary [ 0. +0.38268343j, 0. -0.92387953j]]) >>> np.dot(a, eigenvectors[:, 0]) - eigenvalues[0] * eigenvectors[:, 0] # verify 1st eigenval/vec pair array([5.55111512e-17+0.0000000e+00j, 0.00000000e+00+1.2490009e-16j]) >>> np.dot(a, eigenvectors[:, 1]) - eigenvalues[1] * eigenvectors[:, 1] # verify 2nd eigenval/vec pair array([0.+0.j, 0.+0.j]) >>> A = np.matrix(a) # what happens if input is a matrix object >>> A matrix([[ 1.+0.j, -0.-2.j], [ 0.+2.j, 5.+0.j]]) >>> eigenvalues, eigenvectors = LA.eigh(A) >>> eigenvalues array([0.17157288, 5.82842712]) >>> eigenvectors matrix([[-0.92387953+0.j , -0.38268343+0.j ], # may vary [ 0. +0.38268343j, 0. -0.92387953j]]) >>> # demonstrate the treatment of the imaginary part of the diagonal >>> a = np.array([[5+2j, 9-2j], [0+2j, 2-1j]]) >>> a array([[5.+2.j, 9.-2.j], [0.+2.j, 2.-1.j]]) >>> # with UPLO='L' this is numerically equivalent to using LA.eig() with: >>> b = np.array([[5.+0.j, 0.-2.j], [0.+2.j, 2.-0.j]]) >>> b array([[5.+0.j, 0.-2.j], [0.+2.j, 2.+0.j]]) >>> wa, va = LA.eigh(a) >>> wb, vb = LA.eig(b) >>> wa; wb array([1., 6.]) array([6.+0.j, 1.+0.j]) >>> va; vb array([[-0.4472136 +0.j , -0.89442719+0.j ], # may vary [ 0. +0.89442719j, 0. -0.4472136j ]]) array([[ 0.89442719+0.j , -0. +0.4472136j], [-0. +0.4472136j, 0.89442719+0.j ]]) r/