axis : {{0 or 'index', 1 or 'columns', None}}, default None Axis to interpolate along. For `Series` this parameter is unused and defaults to 0. limit : int, optional Maximum number of consecutive NaNs to fill. Must be greater than 0. inplace : bool, default False Update the data in place if possible. limit_direction : {{'forward', 'backward', 'both'}}, Optional Consecutive NaNs will be filled in this direction. If limit is specified: * If 'method' is 'pad' or 'ffill', 'limit_direction' must be 'forward'. * If 'method' is 'backfill' or 'bfill', 'limit_direction' must be 'backwards'. If 'limit' is not specified: * If 'method' is 'backfill' or 'bfill', the default is 'backward' * else the default is 'forward' raises ValueError if `limit_direction` is 'forward' or 'both' and method is 'backfill' or 'bfill'. raises ValueError if `limit_direction` is 'backward' or 'both' and method is 'pad' or 'ffill'. limit_area : {{`None`, 'inside', 'outside'}}, default None If limit is specified, consecutive NaNs will be filled with this restriction. * ``None``: No fill restriction. * 'inside': Only fill NaNs surrounded by valid values (interpolate). * 'outside': Only fill NaNs outside valid values (extrapolate). downcast : optional, 'infer' or None, defaults to None Downcast dtypes if possible. .. deprecated:: 2.1.0 ``**kwargs`` : optional Keyword arguments to pass on to the interpolating function. Returns ------- Series or DataFrame or None Returns the same object type as the caller, interpolated at some or all ``NaN`` values or None if ``inplace=True``. See Also -------- fillna : Fill missing values using different methods. scipy.interpolate.Akima1DInterpolator : Piecewise cubic polynomials (Akima interpolator). scipy.interpolate.BPoly.from_derivatives : Piecewise polynomial in the Bernstein basis. scipy.interpolate.interp1d : Interpolate a 1-D function. scipy.interpolate.KroghInterpolator : Interpolate polynomial (Krogh interpolator). scipy.interpolate.PchipInterpolator : PCHIP 1-d monotonic cubic interpolation. scipy.interpolate.CubicSpline : Cubic spline data interpolator. Notes ----- The 'krogh', 'piecewise_polynomial', 'spline', 'pchip' and 'akima' methods are wrappers around the respective SciPy implementations of similar names. These use the actual numerical values of the index. For more information on their behavior, see the `SciPy documentation `__. Examples -------- Filling in ``NaN`` in a :class:`~pandas.Series` via linear interpolation. >>> s = pd.Series([0, 1, np.nan, 3]) >>> s 0 0.0 1 1.0 2 NaN 3 3.0 dtype: float64 >>> s.interpolate() 0 0.0 1 1.0 2 2.0 3 3.0 dtype: float64 Filling in ``NaN`` in a Series via polynomial interpolation or splines: Both 'polynomial' and 'spline' methods require that you also specify an ``order`` (int). >>> s = pd.Series([0, 2, np.nan, 8]) >>> s.interpolate(method='polynomial', order=2) 0 0.000000 1 2.000000 2 4.666667 3 8.000000 dtype: float64 Fill the DataFrame forward (that is, going down) along each column using linear interpolation. Note how the last entry in column 'a' is interpolated differently, because there is no entry after it to use for interpolation. Note how the first entry in column 'b' remains ``NaN``, because there is no entry before it to use for interpolation. >>> df = pd.DataFrame([(0.0, np.nan, -1.0, 1.0), ... (np.nan, 2.0, np.nan, np.nan), ... (2.0, 3.0, np.nan, 9.0), ... (np.nan, 4.0, -4.0, 16.0)], ... columns=list('abcd')) >>> df a b c d 0 0.0 NaN -1.0 1.0 1 NaN 2.0 NaN NaN 2 2.0 3.0 NaN 9.0 3 NaN 4.0 -4.0 16.0 >>> df.interpolate(method='linear', limit_direction='forward', axis=0) a b c d 0 0.0 NaN -1.0 1.0 1 1.0 2.0 -2.0 5.0 2 2.0 3.0 -3.0 9.0 3 2.0 4.0 -4.0 16.0 Using polynomial interpolation. >>> df['d'].interpolate(method='polynomial', order=2) 0 1.0 1 4.0 2 9.0 3 16.0 Name: d, dtype: float64 rG