annot assign to expression >>> [a, b[1], c + 1] = [1, 2, 3] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> [a, b.c.d, c + 1] = [1, 2, 3] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> a if 1 else b = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to conditional expression >>> a = 42 if True Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected 'else' after 'if' expression >>> a = (42 if True) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected 'else' after 'if' expression >>> a = [1, 42 if True, 4] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected 'else' after 'if' expression >>> if True: ... print("Hello" ... ... if 2: ... print(123)) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> True = True = 3 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to True >>> x = y = True = z = 3 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to True >>> x = y = yield = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: assignment to yield expression not possible >>> a, b += 1, 2 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'tuple' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment >>> (a, b) += 1, 2 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'tuple' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment >>> [a, b] += 1, 2 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'list' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment Invalid targets in `for` loops and `with` statements should also produce a specialized error message >>> for a() in b: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> for (a, b()) in b: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> for [a, b()] in b: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> for (*a, b, c+1) in b: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> for (x, *(y, z.d())) in b: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> for a, b() in c: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> for a, b, (c + 1, d()): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> for i < (): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> for a, b Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> with a as b(): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> with a as (b, c()): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> with a as [b, c()]: pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> with a as (*b, c, d+1): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression >>> with a as (x, *(y, z.d())): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> with a as b, c as d(): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call >>> with a as b Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> p = p = Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax Comprehensions creating tuples without parentheses should produce a specialized error message: >>> [x,y for x,y in range(100)] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: did you forget parentheses around the comprehension target? >>> {x,y for x,y in range(100)} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: did you forget parentheses around the comprehension target? # Missing commas in literals collections should not # produce special error messages regarding missing # parentheses, but about missing commas instead >>> [1, 2 3] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma? >>> {1, 2 3} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma? >>> {1:2, 2:5 3:12} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma? >>> (1, 2 3) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma? # Make sure soft keywords constructs don't raise specialized # errors regarding missing commas or other spezialiced errors >>> match x: ... y = 3 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> match x: ... case y: ... 3 $ 3 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> match x: ... case $: ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> match ...: ... case {**rest, "key": value}: ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> match ...: ... case {**_}: ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax # But prefixes of soft keywords should # still raise specialized errors >>> (mat x) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma? From compiler_complex_args(): >>> def f(None=1): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax From ast_for_arguments(): >>> def f(x, y=1, z): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: parameter without a default follows parameter with a default >>> def f(x, /, y=1, z): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: parameter without a default follows parameter with a default >>> def f(x, None): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> def f(*None): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> def f(**None): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> def foo(/,a,b=,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: at least one argument must precede / >>> def foo(a,/,/,b,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / may appear only once >>> def foo(a,/,a1,/,b,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / may appear only once >>> def foo(a=1,/,/,*b,/,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / may appear only once >>> def foo(a,/,a1=1,/,b,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / may appear only once >>> def foo(a,*b,c,/,d,e): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / must be ahead of * >>> def foo(a=1,*b,c=3,/,d,e): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / must be ahead of * >>> def foo(a,*b=3,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: var-positional argument cannot have default value >>> def foo(a,*b: int=,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: var-positional argument cannot have default value >>> def foo(a,**b=3): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: var-keyword argument cannot have default value >>> def foo(a,**b: int=3): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: var-keyword argument cannot have default value >>> def foo(a,*a, b, **c, d): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: arguments cannot follow var-keyword argument >>> def foo(a,*a, b, **c, d=4): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: arguments cannot follow var-keyword argument >>> def foo(a,*a, b, **c, *d): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: arguments cannot follow var-keyword argument >>> def foo(a,*a, b, **c, **d): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: arguments cannot follow var-keyword argument >>> def foo(a=1,/,**b,/,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: arguments cannot follow var-keyword argument >>> def foo(*b,*d): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: * argument may appear only once >>> def foo(a,*b,c,*d,*e,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: * argument may appear only once >>> def foo(a,b,/,c,*b,c,*d,*e,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: * argument may appear only once >>> def foo(a,b,/,c,*b,c,*d,**e): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: * argument may appear only once >>> def foo(a=1,/*,b,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected comma between / and * >>> def foo(a=1,d=,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected default value expression >>> def foo(a,d=,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected default value expression >>> def foo(a,d: int=,c): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected default value expression >>> lambda /,a,b,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: at least one argument must precede / >>> lambda a,/,/,b,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / may appear only once >>> lambda a,/,a1,/,b,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / may appear only once >>> lambda a=1,/,/,*b,/,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / may appear only once >>> lambda a,/,a1=1,/,b,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / may appear only once >>> lambda a,*b,c,/,d,e: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / must be ahead of * >>> lambda a=1,*b,c=3,/,d,e: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: / must be ahead of * >>> lambda a=1,/*,b,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected comma between / and * >>> lambda a,*b=3,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: var-positional argument cannot have default value >>> lambda a,**b=3: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: var-keyword argument cannot have default value >>> lambda a, *a, b, **c, d: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: arguments cannot follow var-keyword argument >>> lambda a,*a, b, **c, d=4: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: arguments cannot follow var-keyword argument >>> lambda a,*a, b, **c, *d: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: arguments cannot follow var-keyword argument >>> lambda a,*a, b, **c, **d: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: arguments cannot follow var-keyword argument >>> lambda a=1,/,**b,/,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: arguments cannot follow var-keyword argument >>> lambda *b,*d: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: * argument may appear only once >>> lambda a,*b,c,*d,*e,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: * argument may appear only once >>> lambda a,b,/,c,*b,c,*d,*e,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: * argument may appear only once >>> lambda a,b,/,c,*b,c,*d,**e: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: * argument may appear only once >>> lambda a=1,d=,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected default value expression >>> lambda a,d=,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected default value expression >>> lambda a,d=3,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: parameter without a default follows parameter with a default >>> lambda a,/,d=3,c: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: parameter without a default follows parameter with a default >>> import ast; ast.parse(''' ... def f( ... *, # type: int ... a, # type: int ... ): ... pass ... ''', type_comments=True) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: bare * has associated type comment From ast_for_funcdef(): >>> def None(x): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax From ast_for_call(): >>> def f(it, *varargs, **kwargs): ... return list(it) >>> L = range(10) >>> f(x for x in L) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> f(x for x in L, 1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(x for x in L, y=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(x for x in L, *[]) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(x for x in L, **{}) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(L, x for x in L) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(x for x in L, y for y in L) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f(x for x in L,) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Generator expression must be parenthesized >>> f((x for x in L), 1) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> class C(x for x in L): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> def g(*args, **kwargs): ... print(args, sorted(kwargs.items())) >>> g(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, ... 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, ... 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, ... 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, ... 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, ... 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, ... 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, ... 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, ... 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, ... 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, ... 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, ... 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, ... 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, ... 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, ... 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, ... 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, ... 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, ... 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, ... 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, ... 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ..., 297, 298, 299) [] >>> g(a000=0, a001=1, a002=2, a003=3, a004=4, a005=5, a006=6, a007=7, a008=8, ... a009=9, a010=10, a011=11, a012=12, a013=13, a014=14, a015=15, a016=16, ... a017=17, a018=18, a019=19, a020=20, a021=21, a022=22, a023=23, a024=24, ... a025=25, a026=26, a027=27, a028=28, a029=29, a030=30, a031=31, a032=32, ... a033=33, a034=34, a035=35, a036=36, a037=37, a038=38, a039=39, a040=40, ... a041=41, a042=42, a043=43, a044=44, a045=45, a046=46, a047=47, a048=48, ... a049=49, a050=50, a051=51, a052=52, a053=53, a054=54, a055=55, a056=56, ... a057=57, a058=58, a059=59, a060=60, a061=61, a062=62, a063=63, a064=64, ... a065=65, a066=66, a067=67, a068=68, a069=69, a070=70, a071=71, a072=72, ... a073=73, a074=74, a075=75, a076=76, a077=77, a078=78, a079=79, a080=80, ... a081=81, a082=82, a083=83, a084=84, a085=85, a086=86, a087=87, a088=88, ... a089=89, a090=90, a091=91, a092=92, a093=93, a094=94, a095=95, a096=96, ... a097=97, a098=98, a099=99, a100=100, a101=101, a102=102, a103=103, ... a104=104, a105=105, a106=106, a107=107, a108=108, a109=109, a110=110, ... a111=111, a112=112, a113=113, a114=114, a115=115, a116=116, a117=117, ... a118=118, a119=119, a120=120, a121=121, a122=122, a123=123, a124=124, ... a125=125, a126=126, a127=127, a128=128, a129=129, a130=130, a131=131, ... a132=132, a133=133, a134=134, a135=135, a136=136, a137=137, a138=138, ... a139=139, a140=140, a141=141, a142=142, a143=143, a144=144, a145=145, ... a146=146, a147=147, a148=148, a149=149, a150=150, a151=151, a152=152, ... a153=153, a154=154, a155=155, a156=156, a157=157, a158=158, a159=159, ... a160=160, a161=161, a162=162, a163=163, a164=164, a165=165, a166=166, ... a167=167, a168=168, a169=169, a170=170, a171=171, a172=172, a173=173, ... a174=174, a175=175, a176=176, a177=177, a178=178, a179=179, a180=180, ... a181=181, a182=182, a183=183, a184=184, a185=185, a186=186, a187=187, ... a188=188, a189=189, a190=190, a191=191, a192=192, a193=193, a194=194, ... a195=195, a196=196, a197=197, a198=198, a199=199, a200=200, a201=201, ... a202=202, a203=203, a204=204, a205=205, a206=206, a207=207, a208=208, ... a209=209, a210=210, a211=211, a212=212, a213=213, a214=214, a215=215, ... a216=216, a217=217, a218=218, a219=219, a220=220, a221=221, a222=222, ... a223=223, a224=224, a225=225, a226=226, a227=227, a228=228, a229=229, ... a230=230, a231=231, a232=232, a233=233, a234=234, a235=235, a236=236, ... a237=237, a238=238, a239=239, a240=240, a241=241, a242=242, a243=243, ... a244=244, a245=245, a246=246, a247=247, a248=248, a249=249, a250=250, ... a251=251, a252=252, a253=253, a254=254, a255=255, a256=256, a257=257, ... a258=258, a259=259, a260=260, a261=261, a262=262, a263=263, a264=264, ... a265=265, a266=266, a267=267, a268=268, a269=269, a270=270, a271=271, ... a272=272, a273=273, a274=274, a275=275, a276=276, a277=277, a278=278, ... a279=279, a280=280, a281=281, a282=282, a283=283, a284=284, a285=285, ... a286=286, a287=287, a288=288, a289=289, a290=290, a291=291, a292=292, ... a293=293, a294=294, a295=295, a296=296, a297=297, a298=298, a299=299) ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS () [('a000', 0), ('a001', 1), ('a002', 2), ..., ('a298', 298), ('a299', 299)] >>> class C: ... def meth(self, *args): ... return args >>> obj = C() >>> obj.meth( ... 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, ... 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, ... 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, ... 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, ... 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, ... 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, ... 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, ... 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, ... 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, ... 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, ... 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, ... 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, ... 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, ... 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, ... 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, ... 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, ... 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, ... 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, ... 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, ... 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ..., 297, 298, 299) >>> f(lambda x: x[0] = 3) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? # Check that this error doesn't trigger for names: >>> f(a={x: for x in {}}) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax The grammar accepts any test (basically, any expression) in the keyword slot of a call site. Test a few different options. >>> f(x()=2) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? >>> f(a or b=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? >>> f(x.y=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? >>> f((x)=2) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="? >>> f(True=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to True >>> f(False=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to False >>> f(None=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to None >>> f(__debug__=1) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> __debug__: int Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> f(a=) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected argument value expression >>> f(a, b, c=) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected argument value expression >>> f(a, b, c=, d) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected argument value expression >>> f(*args=[0]) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to iterable argument unpacking >>> f(a, b, *args=[0]) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to iterable argument unpacking >>> f(**kwargs={'a': 1}) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to keyword argument unpacking >>> f(a, b, *args, **kwargs={'a': 1}) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to keyword argument unpacking More set_context(): >>> (x for x in x) += 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'generator expression' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment >>> None += 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'None' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment >>> __debug__ += 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> f() += 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: 'function call' is an illegal expression for augmented assignment Test continue in finally in weird combinations. continue in for loop under finally should be ok. >>> def test(): ... try: ... pass ... finally: ... for abc in range(10): ... continue ... print(abc) >>> test() 9 continue in a finally should be ok. >>> def test(): ... for abc in range(10): ... try: ... pass ... finally: ... continue ... print(abc) >>> test() 9 >>> def test(): ... for abc in range(10): ... try: ... pass ... finally: ... try: ... continue ... except: ... pass ... print(abc) >>> test() 9 >>> def test(): ... for abc in range(10): ... try: ... pass ... finally: ... try: ... pass ... except: ... continue ... print(abc) >>> test() 9 A continue outside loop should not be allowed. >>> def foo(): ... try: ... pass ... finally: ... continue Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: 'continue' not properly in loop There is one test for a break that is not in a loop. The compiler uses a single data structure to keep track of try-finally and loops, so we need to be sure that a break is actually inside a loop. If it isn't, there should be a syntax error. >>> try: ... print(1) ... break ... print(2) ... finally: ... print(3) Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: 'break' outside loop Misuse of the nonlocal and global statement can lead to a few unique syntax errors. >>> def f(): ... print(x) ... global x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is used prior to global declaration >>> def f(): ... x = 1 ... global x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is assigned to before global declaration >>> def f(x): ... global x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is parameter and global >>> def f(): ... x = 1 ... def g(): ... print(x) ... nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is used prior to nonlocal declaration >>> def f(): ... x = 1 ... def g(): ... x = 2 ... nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is assigned to before nonlocal declaration >>> def f(x): ... nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is parameter and nonlocal >>> def f(): ... global x ... nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: name 'x' is nonlocal and global >>> def f(): ... nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: no binding for nonlocal 'x' found From SF bug #1705365 >>> nonlocal x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: nonlocal declaration not allowed at module level From https://bugs.python.org/issue25973 >>> class A: ... def f(self): ... nonlocal __x Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: no binding for nonlocal '_A__x' found This tests assignment-context; there was a bug in Python 2.5 where compiling a complex 'if' (one with 'elif') would fail to notice an invalid suite, leading to spurious errors. >>> if 1: ... x() = 1 ... elif 1: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> if 1: ... pass ... elif 1: ... x() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> if 1: ... x() = 1 ... elif 1: ... pass ... else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> if 1: ... pass ... elif 1: ... x() = 1 ... else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> if 1: ... pass ... elif 1: ... pass ... else: ... x() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot assign to function call here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? Missing ':' before suites: >>> def f() ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> def f[T]() ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> class A ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> class A[T] ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> class A[T]() ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> class R&D: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> if 1 ... pass ... elif 1: ... pass ... else: ... x() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> if 1: ... pass ... elif 1 ... pass ... else: ... x() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> if 1: ... pass ... elif 1: ... pass ... else ... x() = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> for x in range(10) ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> for x in range 10: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> while True ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with blech as something ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with blech ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with blech, block as something ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with blech, block as something, bluch ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with (blech as something) ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with (blech) ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with (blech, block as something) ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with (blech, block as something, bluch) ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> with block ad something: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> try ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> try: ... pass ... except ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> match x ... case list(): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> match x x: ... case list(): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> match x: ... case list() ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> match x: ... case [y] if y > 0 ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected ':' >>> if x = 3: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> while x = 3: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> if x.a = 3: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to attribute here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> while x.a = 3: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to attribute here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? Missing parens after function definition >>> def f: Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected '(' >>> async def f: Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected '(' Parenthesized arguments in function definitions >>> def f(x, (y, z), w): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Function parameters cannot be parenthesized >>> def f((x, y, z, w)): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Function parameters cannot be parenthesized >>> def f(x, (y, z, w)): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Function parameters cannot be parenthesized >>> def f((x, y, z), w): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Function parameters cannot be parenthesized >>> lambda x, (y, z), w: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Lambda expression parameters cannot be parenthesized >>> lambda (x, y, z, w): None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Lambda expression parameters cannot be parenthesized >>> lambda x, (y, z, w): None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Lambda expression parameters cannot be parenthesized >>> lambda (x, y, z), w: None Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Lambda expression parameters cannot be parenthesized Custom error messages for try blocks that are not followed by except/finally >>> try: ... x = 34 ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected 'except' or 'finally' block Custom error message for try block mixing except and except* >>> try: ... pass ... except TypeError: ... pass ... except* ValueError: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot have both 'except' and 'except*' on the same 'try' >>> try: ... pass ... except* TypeError: ... pass ... except ValueError: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot have both 'except' and 'except*' on the same 'try' >>> try: ... pass ... except TypeError: ... pass ... except TypeError: ... pass ... except* ValueError: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot have both 'except' and 'except*' on the same 'try' >>> try: ... pass ... except* TypeError: ... pass ... except* TypeError: ... pass ... except ValueError: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot have both 'except' and 'except*' on the same 'try' Ensure that early = are not matched by the parser as invalid comparisons >>> f(2, 4, x=34); 1 $ 2 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> dict(x=34); x $ y Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> dict(x=34, (x for x in range 10), 1); x $ y Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> dict(x=34, x=1, y=2); x $ y Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax Incomplete dictionary literals >>> {1:2, 3:4, 5} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: ':' expected after dictionary key >>> {1:2, 3:4, 5:} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression expected after dictionary key and ':' >>> {1: *12+1, 23: 1} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot use a starred expression in a dictionary value >>> {1: *12+1} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot use a starred expression in a dictionary value >>> {1: 23, 1: *12+1} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot use a starred expression in a dictionary value >>> {1:} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expression expected after dictionary key and ':' # Ensure that the error is not raised for syntax errors that happen after sets >>> {1} $ Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax # Ensure that the error is not raised for invalid expressions >>> {1: 2, 3: foo(,), 4: 5} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> {1: $, 2: 3} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax Specialized indentation errors: >>> while condition: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'while' statement on line 1 >>> for x in range(10): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'for' statement on line 1 >>> for x in range(10): ... pass ... else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'else' statement on line 3 >>> async for x in range(10): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'for' statement on line 1 >>> async for x in range(10): ... pass ... else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'else' statement on line 3 >>> if something: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'if' statement on line 1 >>> if something: ... pass ... elif something_else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'elif' statement on line 3 >>> if something: ... pass ... elif something_else: ... pass ... else: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'else' statement on line 5 >>> try: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'try' statement on line 1 >>> try: ... something() ... except: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'except' statement on line 3 >>> try: ... something() ... except A: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'except' statement on line 3 >>> try: ... something() ... except* A: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'except*' statement on line 3 >>> try: ... something() ... except A: ... pass ... finally: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'finally' statement on line 5 >>> try: ... something() ... except* A: ... pass ... finally: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'finally' statement on line 5 >>> with A: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> with A as a, B as b: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> with (A as a, B as b): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> async with A: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> async with A as a, B as b: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> async with (A as a, B as b): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'with' statement on line 1 >>> def foo(x, /, y, *, z=2): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after function definition on line 1 >>> def foo[T](x, /, y, *, z=2): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after function definition on line 1 >>> class Blech(A): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after class definition on line 1 >>> class Blech[T](A): ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after class definition on line 1 >>> match something: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'match' statement on line 1 >>> match something: ... case []: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'case' statement on line 2 >>> match something: ... case []: ... ... ... case {}: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'case' statement on line 4 Make sure that the old "raise X, Y[, Z]" form is gone: >>> raise X, Y Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> raise X, Y, Z Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax Check that an multiple exception types with missing parentheses raise a custom exception >>> try: ... pass ... except A, B: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> try: ... pass ... except A, B, C: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> try: ... pass ... except A, B, C as blech: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> try: ... pass ... except A, B, C as blech: ... pass ... finally: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> try: ... pass ... except* A, B: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> try: ... pass ... except* A, B, C: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> try: ... pass ... except* A, B, C as blech: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized >>> try: ... pass ... except* A, B, C as blech: ... pass ... finally: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: multiple exception types must be parenthesized Custom exception for 'except*' without an exception type >>> try: ... pass ... except* A as a: ... pass ... except*: ... pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: expected one or more exception types >>> f(a=23, a=234) Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: keyword argument repeated: a >>> {1, 2, 3} = 42 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to set display here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> {1: 2, 3: 4} = 42 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to dict literal here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> f'{x}' = 42 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to f-string expression here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> f'{x}-{y}' = 42 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to f-string expression here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='? >>> (x, y, z=3, d, e) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> [x, y, z=3, d, e] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> [z=3] Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> {x, y, z=3, d, e} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> {z=3} Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Maybe you meant '==' or ':=' instead of '='? >>> from t import x, Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: trailing comma not allowed without surrounding parentheses >>> from t import x,y, Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: trailing comma not allowed without surrounding parentheses >>> import a from b Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Did you mean to use 'from ... import ...' instead? >>> import a.y.z from b.y.z Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Did you mean to use 'from ... import ...' instead? >>> import a from b as bar Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Did you mean to use 'from ... import ...' instead? >>> import a.y.z from b.y.z as bar Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Did you mean to use 'from ... import ...' instead? >>> import a, b,c from b Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Did you mean to use 'from ... import ...' instead? >>> import a.y.z, b.y.z, c.y.z from b.y.z Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Did you mean to use 'from ... import ...' instead? >>> import a,b,c from b as bar Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Did you mean to use 'from ... import ...' instead? >>> import a.y.z, b.y.z, c.y.z from b.y.z as bar Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Did you mean to use 'from ... import ...' instead? # Check that we dont raise the "trailing comma" error if there is more # input to the left of the valid part that we parsed. >>> from t import x,y, and 3 Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> (): int Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: only single target (not tuple) can be annotated >>> []: int Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: only single target (not list) can be annotated >>> (()): int Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: only single target (not tuple) can be annotated >>> ([]): int Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: only single target (not list) can be annotated Corner-cases that used to fail to raise the correct error: >>> def f(*, x=lambda __debug__:0): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> def f(*args:(lambda __debug__:0)): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> def f(**kwargs:(lambda __debug__:0)): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> with (lambda *:0): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: named arguments must follow bare * Corner-cases that used to crash: >>> def f(**__debug__): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> def f(*xx, __debug__): pass Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot assign to __debug__ >>> import ä £ Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid character '£' (U+00A3) Invalid pattern matching constructs: >>> match ...: ... case 42 as _: ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: cannot use '_' as a target >>> match ...: ... case 42 as 1+2+4: ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: invalid pattern target >>> match ...: ... case Foo(z=1, y=2, x): ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: positional patterns follow keyword patterns >>> match ...: ... case Foo(a, z=1, y=2, x): ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: positional patterns follow keyword patterns >>> match ...: ... case Foo(z=1, x, y=2): ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: positional patterns follow keyword patterns >>> match ...: ... case C(a=b, c, d=e, f, g=h, i, j=k, ...): ... ... Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: positional patterns follow keyword patterns Uses of the star operator which should fail: A[:*b] >>> A[:*b] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> A[:(*b)] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot use starred expression here >>> A[:*b] = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> del A[:*b] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax A[*b:] >>> A[*b:] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> A[(*b):] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: cannot use starred expression here >>> A[*b:] = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> del A[*b:] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax A[*b:*b] >>> A[*b:*b] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> A[(*b:*b)] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> A[*b:*b] = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> del A[*b:*b] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax A[*(1:2)] >>> A[*(1:2)] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: Invalid star expression >>> A[*(1:2)] = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: Invalid star expression >>> del A[*(1:2)] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: Invalid star expression A[*:] and A[:*] >>> A[*:] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: Invalid star expression >>> A[:*] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax A[*] >>> A[*] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: Invalid star expression A[**] >>> A[**] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax A[**b] >>> A[**b] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> A[**b] = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> del A[**b] Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax def f(x: *b) >>> def f6(x: *b): pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> def f7(x: *b = 1): pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax **kwargs: *a >>> def f8(**kwargs: *a): pass Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax x: *b >>> x: *b Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> x: *b = 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: invalid syntax Invalid bytes literals: >>> b"Ä€" Traceback (most recent call last): ... b"Ä€" ^^^ SyntaxError: bytes can only contain ASCII literal characters >>> b"абвгде" Traceback (most recent call last): ... b"абвгде" ^^^^^^^^ SyntaxError: bytes can only contain ASCII literal characters >>> b"abc ъющый" # first 3 letters are ascii Traceback (most recent call last): ... b"abc ъющый" ^^^^^^^^^^^ SyntaxError: bytes can only contain ASCII literal characters Invalid expressions in type scopes: >>> type A[T: (x:=3)] = int Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: named expression cannot be used within a TypeVar bound >>> type A[T: (yield 3)] = int Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: yield expression cannot be used within a TypeVar bound >>> type A[T: (await 3)] = int Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: await expression cannot be used within a TypeVar bound >>> type A[T: (yield from [])] = int Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: yield expression cannot be used within a TypeVar bound >>> type A = (x := 3) Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: named expression cannot be used within a type alias >>> type A = (yield 3) Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: yield expression cannot be used within a type alias >>> type A = (await 3) Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: await expression cannot be used within a type alias >>> type A = (yield from []) Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: yield expression cannot be used within a type alias >>> class A[T]((x := 3)): ... Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: named expression cannot be used within the definition of a generic >>> class A[T]((yield 3)): ... Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: yield expression cannot be used within the definition of a generic >>> class A[T]((await 3)): ... Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: await expression cannot be used within the definition of a generic >>> class A[T]((yield from [])): ... Traceback (most recent call last): ... SyntaxError: yield expression cannot be used within the definition of a generic >>> f(**x, *y) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: iterable argument unpacking follows keyword argument unpacking >>> f(**x, *) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Invalid star expression >>> f(x, *:) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Invalid star expression >>> f(x, *) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Invalid star expression >>> f(x = 5, *) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Invalid star expression >>> f(x = 5, *:) Traceback (most recent call last): SyntaxError: Invalid star expression é